Absolute phase center corrections of satellite and receiver antennas   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  

Ralf Schmid  Markus Rothacher  Daniela Thaller  Peter Steigenberger 《GPS Solutions》2005,9(4):283-293

Results of the estimation of azimuth-dependent phase center variations (PCVs) of GPS satellite antennas using global GPS data are presented. Significant variations of up to ±3–4 mm that are demonstrated show excellent repeatability over eight years. The application of the azimuthal PCVs besides the nadir-dependent ones will lead to a further reduction in systematic antenna effects. In addition, the paper focuses on the benefit of a possible transition from relative to absolute PCVs. Apart from systematic changes in the global station coordinates, one can expect the GPS results to be less dependent on the elevation cut-off angle. This, together with the significant reduction of tropospheric zenith delay biases between GPS and VLBI, stands for an important step toward more consistency between different space geodetic techniques.  相似文献   

榴辉岩常用温压计在应用中应注意的问题   总被引：5，自引：6，他引：5  

陈意叶凯  吴春明 《岩石学报》2005,21(4):1067-1080

本文通过再现相平衡实验数据和检查热力学活度模型两种手段,对榴辉岩中几种常用的温压计进行了检验,发现榴辉岩中某些常用温压计存在以下问题:(1)在 Eliis and Green(1979)、Powell(1985)、Krogh(1988)和 Ravna(2000)四种石榴石-单斜辉石温度计中只有 Ravna(2000)的版本能较好的再现相平衡实验数据。(2)将石榴石-单斜辉石温度计应用于含 X_(Jd)>0.55绿辉石的榴辉岩中会出现很大的误差。(3)Green and Hellman(1982)的石榴石-多硅白云母温度计计算的高压含多硅白云母榴辉岩变质温度普遍偏高,但是计算超高压榴辉岩的结果能较好的与 Ravna(2000)的石榴石-单斜辉石温度计计算结果保持一致。(4)Waters and Martin(1993)的石榴石-单斜辉石-多硅白云母压力计、Ravna and Terry(2004)的石榴石-单斜辉石-多硅白云母-蓝晶石-柯石英/石英温压计的精度都受到了 Holland(1990)的单斜辉石活度模型的限制,它们不能适用于绿辉石 X_(Jd)>0.55的榴辉岩,而 Waters and Manin(1996)对 Waters and Martin(1993)的版本做了一个经验校正,弥补了单斜辉石活度模型的缺陷,因此可以适用于绿辉石 X_(Jd)>0.55的榴辉岩。(5)Nakamura and Banno(1997)的石榴石-绿辉石-蓝晶石-柯石英温压计因运用了不恰当的石榴石和铁钙辉石的活度模型,从而使得计算结果与岩相学观察结果不一致。因此,我们建议:对于绿辉石 X_(Jd)<0.55的多硅白云母榴辉岩,可以运用 Waters and Martin(1993)压力计和 Ravna(2000)的温度计联合求解温压;对于含高硬玉组分(X_(Jd)>0.55)绿辉石的超高压多硅白云母榴辉岩,可选用 Waters and Martin(1996)压力计和 Green andHellman(1982)的温度计联合求解温压;对于含有石榴石 绿辉石 蓝晶石 柯石英矿物组合的榴辉岩,在 X_(Jd)<0.55的情况下。可选用 Ravna and Terry(2004)的温压计求解温压。在应用这些温压计时,应注意各温压计的适用温压范围和成分范围,尤其是石榴石 X_(Jd)、Mg~#和绿辉石 X_(Jd)的范围。另外,由于矿物中 Fe~(3 )的含量对温度计算结果影响很大,所以还必须合理地校正所选矿物的 Fe~(3 )。  相似文献   

The phase boundary between wadsleyite and ringwoodite in Mg2SiO4 determined by in situ X-ray diffraction     

T. Inoue  T. Irifune  Y. Higo  T. Sanehira  Y. Sueda  A. Yamada  T. Shinmei  D. Yamazaki  J. Ando  K. Funakoshi  W. Utsumi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(2):106-114

The phase boundary between wadsleyite and ringwoodite in Mg₂SiO₄ has been determined in situ using a multi-anvil apparatus and synchrotron X-rays radiation at SPring-8. In spite of the similar X-ray diffraction profiles of these high-pressure phases with closely related structures, we were able to identify the occurrence of the mutual phase transformations based on the change in the difference profile by utilizing a newly introduced press-oscillation system. The boundary was located at ~18.9 GPa and 1,400°C when we used Shim’s gold pressure scale (Shim et al. in Earth Planet Sci Lett 203:729–739, 2002), which was slightly (~0.8 GPa) lower than the pressure as determined from the quench experiments of Katsura and Ito (J Geophys Res 94:15663–15670, 1989). Although it was difficult to constrain the Clapeyron slope based solely on the present data due to the kinetic problem, the phase boundary [P (GPa)=13.1+4.11×10⁻³×T (K)] calculated by a combination of a P–T position well constrained by the present experiment and the calorimetric data of Akaogi et al. (J Geophys Res 94:15671–15685, 1989) reasonably explains all the present data within the experimental error. When we used Anderson’s gold pressure scale (Anderson et al. in J Appl Phys 65:1535–1543, 1989), our phase boundary was located in ~18.1 GPa and 1,400°C, and the extrapolation boundary was consistent with that of Kuroda et al. (Phys Chem Miner 27:523–532, 2000), which was determined at high temperature (1,800–2,000°C) using a calibration based on the same pressure scale. Our new phase boundary is marginally consistent with that of Suzuki et al. (Geophys Res Lett 27:803–806, 2000) based on in situ X-ray experiments at lower temperatures (<1,000°C) using Brown’s and Decker’s NaCl pressure scales.  相似文献   

The stability of primary alluaudites in granitic pegmatites: an experimental investigation of the Na2(Mn2−2x Fe1+2x )(PO4)3 system     

Frédéric Hatert  André-Mathieu Fransolet  Walter V. Maresch 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,152(4):399-419

In order to assess the geothermometric potential of the Na₂(Mn_2−2x Fe_1+2x )(PO₄)₃ system (x = 0–1), which represents the compositions of natural weakly oxidized alluaudites, we performed hydrothermal experiments between 400 and 800°C, at 1 kbar, under an oxygen fugacity (f(O₂)) controlled by the Ni–NiO (NNO), Fe₂O₃–Fe₃O₄ (HM), Cu₂O–CuO (CT), and Fe–Fe₃O₄ (MI) buffers. When f(O₂) is controlled by NNO, single-phase alluaudites crystallize at 400 and 500°C, whereas the association alluaudite + marićite appears between 500 and 700°C. The limit between these two fields corresponds to the maximum temperature that can be reached by alluaudites in granitic pegmatites, because marićite has never been observed in these geological environments. Because alluaudites are very sensitive to variations of oxygen fugacity, the field of hagendorfite, Na₂MnFe²⁺Fe³⁺(PO₄)₃, has been positioned in the f(O₂)–T diagram, and provides a tool that can be used to estimate the oxygen fugacity conditions that prevailed in granitic pegmatites during the crystallization of this phosphate.  相似文献   

Automatic seismic phase picking and consistent observation error assessment: application to the Italian seismicity     

R. Di Stefano  F. Aldersons  E. Kissling  P. Baccheschi  C. Chiarabba  D. Giardini 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,165(1):121-134

  相似文献   

Development and testing of a new ray-tracing approach to GNSS carrier-phase multipath modelling     

Lawrence Lau  Paul Cross 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(11):713-732

Multipath is one of the most important error sources in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier-phase-based precise relative positioning. Its theoretical maximum is a quarter of the carrier wavelength (about 4.8 cm for the Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 carrier) and, although it rarely reaches this size, it must clearly be mitigated if millimetre-accuracy positioning is to be achieved. In most static applications, this may be accomplished by averaging over a sufficiently long period of observation, but in kinematic applications, a modelling approach must be used. This paper is concerned with one such approach: the use of ray-tracing to reconstruct the error and therefore remove it. In order to apply such an approach, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of the signal transmitted from the satellite, the reflection process, the antenna characteristics and the way that the reflected and direct signal are processed within the receiver. This paper reviews all of these and introduces a formal ray-tracing method for multipath estimation based on precise knowledge of the satellite–reflector–antenna geometry and of the reflector material and antenna characteristics. It is validated experimentally using GPS signals reflected from metal, water and a brick building, and is shown to be able to model most of the main multipath characteristics. The method will have important practical applications for correcting for multipath in well-constrained environments (such as at base stations for local area GPS networks, at International GNSS Service (IGS) reference stations, and on spacecraft), and it can be used to simulate realistic multipath errors for various performance analyses in high-precision positioning.  相似文献   

Ashtech扼流圈天线相位中心稳定性的检验     

胡亚轩 《测绘工程》2001,10(3):44-46

接收机天线相位偏差是GPS定位中一项重要的误差源，其影响值可达数毫米至数厘米，为了解接收机天线性能及稳定性等方面的情况，在出测前后一般对相位中心的稳定性进行检验。目前已采用两种方法对Ashtech扼流圈天线相位中心稳定性进行了测试，证明了AshtechZ-12型接收机天线满足限差要求及试验方法的可行性，本文将就此作具体介绍。  相似文献   

麻粒岩的研究进展与方法   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

魏春景  张媛媛  董杰 《岩石学报》2021,37(1):52-64

近年来,有关麻粒岩的研究取得了长足进展,本文讨论了4个相关问题:(1)麻粒岩的大地构造环境与P-T轨迹。麻粒岩可以形成于4种大地构造环境中:(a)碰撞造山带以形成高压麻粒岩为特征,为中压相系,包括曾位于地壳浅部的岩石经历构造埋深达到变质峰期后再折返的过程,为顺时针型P-T轨迹;也包括曾经历洋壳或陆壳俯冲形成的高压-超高压榴辉岩相岩石折返叠加变质形成的麻粒岩,P-T轨迹以减压为主。(b)地壳伸展区以形成低压麻粒岩为特征,并可达到超高温条件,其P-T轨迹为减压加热至温度峰期,随后发生等压或降压冷却。(c)岛弧或陆缘岩浆增生区的下地壳多为高压麻粒岩相,其中侵入的辉长岩首先经历等压冷却,然后再经历升温升压进变质过程。(d)太古宙克拉通麻粒岩相表壳岩呈皮筏状分布于TTG片麻岩内部,多达到超高温条件,发育逆时针型P-T轨迹,受太古宙特殊的垂直构造体制控制。(2)麻粒岩的进变质过程与流体行为。按照流体行为,麻粒岩的进变质过程分为3种型式:(a)流体饱和进变质过程,指岩石在饱水固相线之前达到流体饱和,随后发生饱水固相线熔融与含水矿物的脱水熔融,以及阶段性熔体丢失,导致岩石中水含量降低,缺流体固相线温度升高;在峰期之后的降温过程中,发生熔融反应的逆反应,或结晶反应,形成含水矿物,结晶反应终止于缺流体固相线。(b)流体不饱和或缺流体进变质过程,指岩石在进变质过程中会处于流体缺失状态,不会发生变质反应,岩石中原来的矿物组合以亚稳定状态保留至缺流体固相线后,才开始变质演化,因此经常形成一些不平衡结构。(c)流体过饱和进变质过程,指有过量水参与的熔融反应过程,也称为水化熔融,与熔体注入或局部汇聚有关;水化熔融过程中会更多地消耗斜长石、石英及辉石等无水矿物,导致残余物中富集角闪石和黑云母等含水矿物。(3)确定麻粒岩P-T条件的视剖面图方法。利用视剖面图方法分析麻粒岩的变质条件时,首先需要通过岩相学观察区分出峰期组合和最终组合;然后通过计算T-M(H2O)图解确定最终组合的含水量;最后利用所确定的水含量计算P-T视剖面图。利用P-T视剖面图分析麻粒岩的峰期变质条件时,首先找到峰期矿物组合在视剖面图上的稳定域,然后再结合有价值的矿物成分等值线确定P-T条件。特别需要注意的是,岩相学观察确定的峰期组合和最终组合都可能受局部结构域控制,与滞留熔体的不均匀分布或原地分凝有关,此时不能简单地用全岩成分模拟其相平衡关系。(4)相平衡模拟时需要选择有效的全岩成分。当选择实测全岩成分进行相平衡模拟时,首先需要检验其有效性,即检验实测全岩成分是否能够代表薄片中所观察到的相平衡关系。方法是计算有效全岩成分,并与实测全岩成分进行对比。对于成分不均匀的变质岩石,需要处理局部结构域的成分。分如下3种情况:(a)宏观尺度的结构域,可以分别取样;(b)微观尺度的结构域,需要在显微薄片中进行图像分析,针对不同结构域分别进行相平衡模拟;(c)由叠加或退变质形成的结构域,需要确定相应的变质反应,通过对反应配平,确定有效全岩成分。此外,文中还介绍了计算岩石中的水含量、O含量和各种矿物相含量的方法与注意事项。  相似文献   

印度南部麻粒岩地体Namakkal陆块新太古代钙硅酸盐岩的岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究     

周峰  苟龙龙  翟明国  张成立  GEORGE Paul Mathews  卢俊生  赵燕  敖文昊 《岩石学报》2021,37(4):1213-1234

本文对印度南部麻粒岩地体Namakkal陆块Tammampatti地区方柱石石榴子石钙硅酸盐岩进行了详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学和变质相平衡模拟研究,以研究其岩石成因和地质意义。岩相学观察识别出两阶段变质矿物组合:第一阶段为石榴子石+方柱石+斜长石+榍石+钛铁矿;第二阶段为石榴子石边部的绿帘石和方柱石边缘的方解石、斜长石和石英冠状体。CL图像分析显示锆石可分为两种,分别为高亮度和低亮度的变质锆石。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年得到高亮度变质锆石~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄为2562±17Ma,而低亮度变质锆石的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄稍年轻,为2495±15Ma。基于相平衡模拟计算了2个样品18ID-24和18ID-25的P-T视剖面图,确定它们峰期变质PT条件分别为4.3～7.1kbar、800～960℃和4.0～7.8kbar、750～854℃。高亮度变质锆石年龄2562±17Ma与Namakkal陆块紫苏花岗岩的原岩结晶年龄相当,其代表了紫苏花岗岩的原岩侵入导致的接触交代变质作用形成方柱石石榴子石钙硅酸盐岩的时代;低亮度变质锆石年龄2495±15Ma与该地区大约2530～2440Ma的高温-超高温变质作用时代相吻合,因此认为其代表区域性变质作用叠加的时代。根据全岩成分以及矿物组合,我们推测该岩石为中酸性岩浆岩(紫苏花岗岩原岩)与碳酸盐岩发生交代变质作用的产物。  相似文献   

二氧化钛表面键合配位体固相萃取填料的制备及其吸附性能研究     

申书昌  冷茉含  彭程  吕伟超 《岩矿测试》2018,37(1):21-29

有机配位体/无机纳米复合材料作为固相萃取填料用于重金属离子分离富集是当前分析化学研究的热点课题。本文将含有N、S配位原子的氨基硫脲通过缩合反应接枝于纳米二氧化钛表面,制备了一种新型纳米Ti O2/TSC复合固相萃取填料。通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜表征,此填料与共混法制备的聚合物包覆纳米二氧化钛复合填料相比,二氧化钛粒子(尺寸200~300 nm)分布更均匀,结构更稳定。用该填料制备的固相萃取小柱静态吸附Sb3+、Cd2+和Ba2+在30℃时饱和吸附量分别为13.9mg/g、12.9 mg/g和11.2 mg/g,在优化的实验条件下三种金属离子的吸附回收率分别达到97.94%、95.65%和94.04%,实验数据重现性高(RSD5.5%),吸附性能优于聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯醛-氨基硫脲包覆纳米二氧化钛和纳米二氧化钛两种填料。本填料结合ICP-MS测定水样中以上三种离子的检出限分别为0.061μg/L、0.013μg/L和0.075μg/L。  相似文献